FFT Guitar Tuner Calculate the fundamental frequency of the captured audio sound
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FFT Guitar Tuner Description

The FFT Guitar Tuner application was developed to be a small tool that's using a Fast Fourier Transform to calculate the fundamental frequency of the captured audio sound. The computer can capture live sound/music using a microphone that is connected to the sound card. Modern sound cards can capture digital signals. A digital signal is a set of quantized sound values that were taken in uniformly spaced times. The digital signal does not provide any information about frequencies that are present in the sound. To determine that, the data need to be analyzed.The Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) makes representation of the phase and magnitude of the signal. The result of the STFT can be used to produce the spectrogram of the signal: the magnitude squared over time and frequencies. We will use a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to generate the spectrogram of the signal of short periods of time. After the spectrogram is calculated, the fundamental frequency can be determined by finding the index of the maximum value of the magnitude squared.When a note is played on a musical instrument, the sound waves are generated by strings, air, or the speaker - an instrument generates a musical note. One of the characteristics of a musical note is a pitch (fundamental frequency). Traditionally musical alphabet frequencies are divided by octaves, and then by semitones. An octave has 12 named pitches: C (prime), C#, D, D#, E, F, F#, G, G#, A, A#, and B. Octaves also have names: great, small, one-lined, two-lined, etc. The "standard pitch" (A one-lined or A4) has a fundamental frequency of its sound waves equals to 440 Hz. The frequencies of two neighboring notes are different by 21/12, and frequencies of the notes with the same name in two neighboring octaves are different by 2.To calculate the Fast Fourier Transform, the Cooley-Tukey algorithm was used. It gives good performance for the required task. To challenge the algorithm, the application analyses about 22,000 sample blocks in real time: the sound is captured at a 44,100 Hz rate and a 16 bits sample size, and the analysis is performed twice a second.The sound analysis library can be used for tone, background noise, sound, or speech detection. Series of the spectrogram of the continued sound can be displayed as a 2D (or 3D) image to present it visually.

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